| MANEUVER | EFFECTIVENESS | LEVEL OF EVIDENCE <REF> | RECOMMENDATION |
| Screening once by culture method for asymptomatic bacteriuria at 12-16 weeks of pregnancy. | Pyelonephritis: Identification and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria will decrease the subsequent occurrence of pyelonephritis later in pregnancy and may decrease premature labour or delivery associated with acute pyelonephritis. | Controlled trial and cohort studies <1,3-5> (I, II-1) | Good evidence to include in periodic health examination of pregnant women. (A) |
| Intra-uterine growth retardation: Decreased occurrence of intra-uterine growth retardation. | Randomized controlled trial <9> (I) | ||
| Other: Decreased occurrence of other negative outcomes including premature labour, stillbirth, and pre-eclampsia. |
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