Selected References

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Prepared  by B. L. Abramson, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in February 2003.

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  27. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Suchindran CM, et al.  Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987;75:1102-9.

  28. Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E, McPhillips J, Wingard DL, Garland C. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:606-14.

  29. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, et al.  Postmenopausal estogen and progestin use and the risk of cardivascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;335:453-61.

  30. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:75-8.

  31. Nachtigall LE, Nachtigall RH, Nachtigall RD, Beckman ME. Estrogen replacement therapy II: a prospective study in relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems.  Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:74-9.

  32. Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50: The Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1038-43.

  33. Wolf PH, Madans JH, Finucane FF, Higgins M, Kleinman JC. Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality amongpostmenopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:489-94.

  34. Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1995;273:199-208.

  35. Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL, Wagner JD, Williams JK. Medoxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atheroscerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:217-21.

  36. Miller VM, Vanhoutte PM. Progestrone and modulation of endothelium-dependent responses in canine coronary arteries. Am J Physiol 1991;261:R1022-7.

  37. Schroder J, Doren M, Schneider B, Oettel M. Are the antioxidative effects of 17 beta-estradiol modified by concomitant administration of a progestin? Maturitas 1996;25:133-9.

  38. Eaker ED, Castelli WP. Differential risk of coronary heart disease among women in the Framingham Study. Proceedings of the workshop on coronary heart disease in women. NIH Administrative Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1987.

  39. Miller J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and risk for venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(9):680-90.

  40. Cheung AM, Feig DS, Kapral MK, Diaz-Granados N, Dodin S, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: systematic review & recommendations. CTFPHC Technical Report #02-2. October 2002. London, ON: Canadian Task Force.

  41. Cheung AM, Proctor WR, Stewart DE, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cancer in postmenopausal women: systematic review. CTFPHC Technical Report #02-4. November 2002. London, ON: Canadian Task Force.

  42. Wathen CN, Feig DS, Feightner JW, Abramson B, Cheung AM. Hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic disease: recommendation statement by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Submitted to Can Med Assoc J; March 2003.

  43. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: recommendations and rationale. October 2002. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.  Available from: URL http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/hrt/hrtrr.htm

  44. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. SOGC cautions women not to overreact to US study [press release]. Ottawa: The Society; 2002.

  45. Abramson BL, Derzko C, Lalonde A, Reid R, Turek M, Wielgosz A. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a joint statement. Can J Cardiol 2002 Jul;18(7):723-4. See also an updated statement by these authors at www.ccs.ca/) (accessed 2004 Mar 01).

  46. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Statement on the Estrogen plus Progestin trial of the Women's Health Initiative. ACOG News Release July 9, 2002. Available from: URL http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr07-09-02.cfm

  47. North American Menopausal Society. Amended Report from the NAMS Advisory Panel on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. Menopause 2003;10(1):6-12.

  48. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3 Suppl):21-35.