Smoking and Pregnancy

Prepared by Susan E. Moner, MD, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Mass.

1. Fortier I, Marcoux S, Brisson J: Passive smoking during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 294-301

2. Lumley J: Stopping smoking-again. [editorial] Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 847-849

3. Benowitz NL: Nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy. JAMA 1991; 266: 3174-3177

4. Baric L, MacArthur C, Sherwood M: A study of health education aspects of smoking in pregnancy. Int J Health Educ 1976; 19(Suppl 2): 1-15

5. Burling T, et al: Changes in smoking during pregnancy. Paper presented at the Society for Behavioral Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, May 25, 1984

6. McArthur C, Newton JR, Knox EG: Effect of anti-smoking health education on infant size at birth: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 295-300

7. Lilley J and Forster DP: A randomized controlled trial of individual counselling of smokers in pregnancy. Public Health 1986; 100: 309-315

8. Meichenbaun D, Turk D: Facilitating treatment adherence: a practitioner's guidebook. New York: Plenum, 1987

9. Lumley J: Advice as a strategy for reducing smoking in pregnancy. In Pregnancy and Childbirth Module (eds. Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, Renfrew MJ, Neilson JP), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews": Review No. 03394, 2 October 1993. Published through "Cochrane Updates on Disk", Oxford: Update Software, 1993, Disk Issue 2

10. Bauman KE, Bryan ES, Dent CW, et al: The influence of observing carbon monoxide levels on cigarette smoking by public prenatal patients. Am J Public Health 1983; 73: 1089-1091

11. Reading AE, Campbell S, Cox DN, et al: Health beliefs and health care behaviours in pregnancy. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 379-383

12. Haddow JE, Knight GJ, Kloza EM, et al: Cotinine-assisted intervention in pregnancy to reduce smoking and low birth weight delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 859-865

13. Loeb B, et al: A randomized trial of smoking intervention during pregnancy. Paper presented to the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, Nov. 15, 1983

14. Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Perkins LL, et al: Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioural impact and cost benefit. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 201-206

15. O'Connor AM, Davies BL, Dulberg CS, et al: Effectiveness of a pregnancy smoking cessation program. JOGNN 1992; 21: 385-392

17. Windsor RA, Cutler G, Morris J, et al: The effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for smokers in public health maternity clinics: a randomized trial. Am J Public Health 1985; 75: 1389-1392

18. Sexton M and Hebel JR: A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984; 251: 911-915

19. Ershoff DH, Quinn VP, Mullen PD, et al: Pregnancy and medical cost outcomes of a self-help prenatal smoking cessation program in a HMO. Public Health Rep 1990; 105: 340-347

20. Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R: A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 76-78

21. Hjalmarson AIM, Hahn L, Svanberg B: Stopping smoking in pregnancy: effect of a self-help manual in controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 260-264

22. Gilies PA, et al: Successful anti-smoking intervention in pregnancy - behaviour change, "clinical indicators" or both? In Durston B, Jamrozik K (eds): Tobacco and Health 1990, The Global War. Procedings of the Seventh World Conference on Tobacco and Health, 1st-5th April 1990, Perth, Western Australia

23. Windsor RA, Warner KE, Cutter GR: A cost-effectiveness analysis of self-help smoking cessation methods for pregnant women. Public Health Rep 1988; 103: 83-88

24. Lumley J: Behavioural strategies for reducing smoking in pregnancy. In Pregnancy and Childbirth Module (eds. Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, Renfrew MJ, Neilson JP), "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews": Review No. 03397, 27 September 1993. Published through "Cochrane Updates on Disk", Oxford: Update Software, 1993, Disk Issue 2

25. Fox NL, Sexton M, Hebel JR: Prenatal exposure to tobacco. Effects on physical growth at age three. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 66-71

26. Sexton M, Fox NL, Hebel JR: Prenatal exposure to tobacco. Effects on cognitive functioning at age three. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 72-77

27. Fergusson DM, Lloyd M: Smoking during pregnancy and its effects on child cognitive ability from the ages of 8 to 12 years. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1991; 5: 189-200

28. Baghurst PA, Tong SL, Woodward A, et al: Effects of maternal smoking upon neuropsychological development in early childhood: importance of taking account of social and environmental factors. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 1992; 6: 403-415

29. Makin J, Fried PA, Watkinson B: A comparison of active and passive smoking during pregnancy: long-term effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13: 5-12

30. Naeye R, Peters EC: Mental development of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Obstetr Gynaecol 1984; 64: 601-607

31. Bauman K, Flewelling RL, LaPrelle J: Parental cigarette smoking and cognitive performance of children. Health Psychol 1991; 10: 282-288

32. Rantakallio P, Koiranen M: Neurological handicaps among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Prev Med 1987; 16: 597-606

33. Hardy JB and Mellits ED: Does maternal smoking during pregnancy have a long-term effect on the child? Lancet 1972; 1332-1336

34. Quinn VP, Mullen PD, Ershoff DH: Women who stop smoking spontaneously prior to prenatal care and predictors of relapse before delivery. Addict Behav 1991; 16: 29-40

35. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: an Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md, 1989: 289-292