Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Selected References

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Prepared  by A. M. Cheung, D. S. Feig, M. Kapral, N. Diaz-Granados, S. Dodin, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in October 2002.

  1. Wathen CN, Feig DS, Feightner JW, Abramson BL, Cheung AM, Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic diseases: recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ 2004;170(10):1535-7.

  2. Tenenhouse A, Joseph L, Kreiger N, Poliquin S, Murray TM, Blondeau L, et al. Estimation of the prevalence of low bone density in Canadian women and men using a population-specific DXA reference standard: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMOS). Osteoporos Int 2000;11:897-904.

  3. Melton LJ, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, Lane AW, Riggs BL. Perspective: how many women have osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:1005-10.

  4. Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, Scott JC, Black D. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporo Int 2000;11:556-61.

  5. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1001-5.

  6. Goeree R, O’Brien B, Pettitt D, Cuddy L, Ferraz M, Adachi J. An assessment of the burden of illness due to osteoporosis in Canada. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can 1996;(July supplement):15-24.

  7. Wiktorowicz ME, Goeree R, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Papadimitropoulos E. Economic implications of hip fracture: health service use, institutional care and cost in Canada. Osteoporo Int 2001;12:271-8.

  8. Consensus Development Conference. Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993;94:664-50.

  9. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement 2000;17(1):1-45.

  10. Black DM, Arden NK, Palermo L, Pearson J, Cummings SR. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1999;14:821-8.

  11. Ettinger B, Black D, Mitlak B, Knickerbocker RD, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999;282:637-45.

  12. Ross PD, Genant HK, Davis JW, Miller PD, Wasnich RD. Predicting vertebral fracture incidence from prevalent fractures and bone density among nonblack, osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:120-6.

  13. Lydick E, Cook K, Turpin J, Melton M, Stine R, Byrnes C. Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Am J Manag Care 1998;4:37-48.

  14. Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, Kreiger N, McIsaac WJ, Darlington GA, Tu JV. Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ 2000;162(9):1289-94.

  15. Marshall D, Johneli O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996; 312:1254-9.

  16. Black DM, Steinbuch M, Palermo L, Dargent-Molina P, Lindsay R, Hoseyni MS, et al. An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:519-28.

  17. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997;337:670-6.

  18. Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Broll J, Minne HW, Quan H, Bell NH, et al. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1437-43.

  19. Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Applegate WB, Barrett-Connor E, Musliner TA, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998;280:2077-82.

  20. Pols HAP, Felsenberg D, Hanley DA, Stepan J, Munoz-Torres M, Wilkin TJ, et al. Multinational, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of alendronate on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results of the FOSIT study. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:461-8.

  21. McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:333-40.

  22. Heaney RP, Zizic TM, Fogelman I, Olszynski WP, Geusens P, Kasibhatla C, et al. Risedronate reduces the risk of first vertebral fracture in osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:501-5.

  23. Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, Wasnich RD, Miller PD, Jackson RD, et al. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1990;323:73-9.

  24. Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996;348:1535-41.

  25. Ensrud KE, Thompson DE, Cauley JA, Nevitt MC, Kado DM, Hochberg MC, et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict mortality and hospitalization in older women with low bone mass. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:241-9.

  26. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut CH, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282:1344-52.

  27. Reginster JY, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, Hooper M, Roux C, Brandi ML, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2000;11: 83-91.

  28. Brumsen C, Papapoulos SE, Lips P, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH, Hamdy NA, Landman JO, et al. Daily oral pamidronate in women and men with osteoporosis: a 3-year randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial with a 2-year open extension. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:1057-64.

  29. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1434-41.

  30. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:526-8.

  31. Khan AA, Brown JP, Kendler DL, Leslie WD, Lentle BC, Lewiecki EM, et al. The 2002 Canadian bone densitometry recommendations: take-home messages. CMAJ 2002;167(10):1141-5.

  32. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. The Canadian Consensus Conference on Menopause and Osteoporosis — 2002 update [SOGC guideline no 108]. Ottawa: The Society; 2002. Available: http://sogc.medical.org/SOGCnet /sogc_docs/common/guide/pdfs/osteoMeno.pdf (accessed 2004 Apr 22).

Link to Published Recommendation Statement

Link to Full Technical Report (in pdf)

Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review

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Last modified: September 09, 2004