2. Klein BEK, Klein R, Sponsel WE, et al: Prevalence of Glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1992; 99: 1499-1504
3. Ederer F, Krueger DE, Mowery RL, et al: Lessons from the Visual Acuity Impairment Survey pilot study. Am J Public Health 1986; 76: 160-165
4. Loewenstein JI, Palmberg PF, Connett JE, et al: Effectiveness of a pinhole method for visual screening. Arch Opththalmol 1985; 103: 222-223
5. Long CA, Holden R, Mulkerrin E, et al: Opportunistic screening of visual acuity of elderly patients attending outpatient clinics. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 392-395
6. Strahlman E, Ford D, Whelton P, et al: Vision screening in a primary care setting. A missed opportunity? Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 2159-2164
7. Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Witt K, et al: Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108: 286-290
8. Holmin C: Optic disc evaluation versus the visual field in chronic glaucoma. Acta Opthalmol Copenh 1982; 60: 275-283
9. Cooper RL, Grose GC, Constable IJ: Mass screening of the optic disc for glaucoma: a follow up study. Austr N Z J Ophthalmol 1986; 14: 35-39
10. Moss SE, Klein R, Kessler SD, et al: Comparison between ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography in determining severity of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 62-67
11. Singer DE, Nathan DM, Fogel HA, et al: Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 660-671
12. Hollows FC, Graham PA: Intraocular pressure, glaucoma and glaucoma suspects in a defined population. Br J Ophthalmol 1966; 50: 570-586
13. Leske MC: The epidemiology of open-angle glaucoma: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 166-191
14. Ford VJ, Zimmerman TJ, Kooner A: A comparison of screening methods for the detection of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (Suppl) 1982; 22: 257
15. Trope GE, Britton R: A comparison of Goldmann and Humphrey automated perimetry in patients with glaucoma. Br J Opthalmol 1987; 71: 489-493
16. Straatsma BR, Meyer KT, Bastek JV, et al: Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation by ophthalmology residents. A prospective study of cataract surgery. Opthalmology 1983; 90: 327-335
17. Argon laser photocoagulation for senile macular degeneration. Results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100: 912-918
18. The Moorfields Macular Study Group: Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: a controlled trial of argon laser photocoagulation. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66: 1-16
19. The Moorfields Macular Study Group: Treatment of senile disciform macular degeneration: a single blind randomised trial by argon laser photocoagulation. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66: 745-753
20. Coscas G, Soubrane G: Photocoagulation de néovaisseaux sou-rétiniens par le laser à argon dans la dégénérescence, maculaire sénile. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Française d'Ophthalmologie 1982; 83: 102-105
21. Messmer C, Flammer J, Stumpfig D: Influence of betaxolol and timolol on the visual fields of patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 678-681
22. Schulzer M, Drance SM, Douglas GR: A comparison of treated and untreated glaucoma suspects. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 301-307
23. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 1403-1413
24. Kitazawa Y: Prophylactic therapy of ocular hypertension. A prospective study. Trans Ophthalmol Soc NZ 1981; 33: 30-32
25. Epstein DL, Krug JH Jr, Hertzmark E, et al: A long-term clinical trial of timolol therapy versus no treatment in the management of glaucoma suspects. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 1460-1467
26. Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U: The effect of long term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes millitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 304-309
27. British Multicentre Study Group: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: treatment with xenon-arc photocoagulation: interim report of multicentre randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1977; 1: 739-741
28. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group report number 1: Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1796-1806
29. British Multicentre Study Group: Photocoagulation for diabetic maculopathy. A randomized controlled trial using the xenon arc. Diabetes 1983; 32: 1010-1016
30. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: an Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md, 1989: 181-192
31. Battista RN, Huston P, Davis MW: Screening for primary open-angle glaucoma. In Goldbloom RB, Lawrence RS (eds): Preventing Disease: Beyond the Rhetoric. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990
32. American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Academy of Ophthalmology: Screening guidelines for diabetic retinopathy. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 683-685
Link to Full Text of this review
Link to Structured Abstract of this review
Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review
Link to 1995 update: Screening for visual problems among elderly patients
Reprinted in modified format by the Canadian
Task Force on Preventive Health Care
with permission.
Original Copyright
© 1994 Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
For any technical issues please contact: webmaster@ctfphc.org
Last modified March 27, 1998.