Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Selected References

Lowering the Blood Total Cholesterol Level to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease

Prepared by Alexander G. Logan, MD, FRCPC, Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in June 1994

1. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination: The periodic health examination, 1993 update: 2. Lowering the blood total cholesterol level to prevent coronary heart disease. Can Med Assoc J 1993; 148: 521-538

2. Consensus Conference: Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. JAMA 1985; 253: 2080-2086

3. Neaton JD, Wentworth D: Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 56-64

4. Bass KM, Newschaffer CJ, Klag MJ, et al: Plasma lipoprotein levels as predictors of cardiovascular death in women. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2209-2216

5. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79: 8-15

6. Sempos CT, Cleeman JI, Carroll MD, et al: Prevalence of high blood cholesterol among US adults. An update based on guidelines from the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. JAMA 1993; 269: 3009-3014

7. Johnson CL, Rifkind BM, Sempos CT, et al: Declining serum total cholesterol levels among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. JAMA 1993; 269: 3002-3008

8. van Beresteijn EC, Korevaar JC, Huijbregts PC, et al: Perimenopausal increase in serum cholesterol: a 10-year longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 383-392

9. Dyer AR, Stamler J, Shekelle RB: Serum cholesterol and mortality from coronary heart disease in young, middle-aged, and older men and women from three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 51-57

10. Pekkanen J, Nissinen A, Vartiainen E, et al: Changes in serum cholesterol level and mortality: a 30-year follow-up. The Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 155-165

11. Denke MA, Sempos CT, Grundy SM: Excess body weight: an underrecognized contributor to high blood cholesterol levels in white American men. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1093-1103

12. Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, et al: Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: a randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counselling, and incentives. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 1231-1238

13. Gibbins RL, Riley M, Brimble P: Effectiveness of programme for reducing cardiovascular risk for men in one general practice. BMJ 1993; 306: 1652-1656

14. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Schumacher MC, et al: Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 171-176

15. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA 1993; 269: 3015-23

16. Canadian Consensus Conference on Cholesterol: Final Report. The Canadian Consensus Conference on the Prevention of Heart and Vascular Disease by Altering Serum Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Risk Factors. Can Med Assoc J 1988; 139(11 Suppl): 1-8

17. McQueen MJ, Henderson AR, Patten RL, et al: Results of a province-wide quality assurance program assessing the accuracy of cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Ontario, using fresh human serum. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 1217-1222

18. Smith SJ, Cooper GR, Myers GL, et al: Biological variability in concentrations of serum lipids: sources of variation among results from published studies and composite predicted values. Clin Chem 1993; 39(6): 1012-1022

19. Irvine MJ, Logan AG: Is knowing your cholesterol number harmful? J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 131-145

20. Havas S, Reisman J, Hsu L, et al: Does cholesterol screening result in negative labeling effects? Results of the Massachusetts Model Systems for Blood Cholesterol Screening Project. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 113-119

21. Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association: Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults. Circulation 1986; 74: 1465A-1468A

22. Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Dujovne CA, et al: The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1213-1219

23. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW: Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 1990; 336:129-133

24. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, et al: Randomized controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. Results of one year follow-up. BMJ 1992; 304: 1015-1019

25. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al: Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237-1245

26. Report from the Committee of Principal Investigators: A co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 1069-1118

27. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al: Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse event profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 43-49

28. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 251: 351-364

29. Heady JA, Morris JN, Oliver MF: WHO clofibrate/cholesterol trial: clarifications. Lancet 1992; 340: 1405-1406

30. Dorr AE, Gundersen K, Schneider JC Jr, et al: Colestipol hydrochloride in hypercholesterolemic patients-effect on serum cholesterol and mortality. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 5-14

31. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, et al: A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969; 40(Suppl II): 1-63

32. Frantz ID Jr, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, et al: Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey. Atherosclerosis 1989; 9: 129-135

33. MacMahon S: Lowering cholesterol: effects on trauma death, cancer death and total mortality. Aust NZ J Med 1992; 22: 580-582

34. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA: Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. BMJ 1990; 301: 309-314

35. Holme I: An analysis of randomized trials evaluating the effect of cholesterol reduction on total mortality and coronary heart disease incidence. Circulation 1990; 82: 1916-1924

36. Law MR, Thompson SG, Wald NJ: Assessing possible hazards of reducing serum cholesterol. BMJ 1994; 308: 373-379

37. Shekelle RB, Shryock AM, Paul O, et al: Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease. The Western Electric Study. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 65-70

38. Kushi LH, Lew RA, Stare FJ, et al: Diet and 20 year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 811-818

39. Shekelle RB, Stamler J: Dietary cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989; 1: 1177-1179

40. McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, et al: Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119: 667-676

41. Kromhout D, Booschieter EB, Coulander CL: The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1205-1209

42. Kushi LH, Kottke TE: Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: evidence of a causal relation. In Goldbloom RB, Lawrence RS (eds): Preventing Disease: Beyond the Rhetoric. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990: 385-400

43. Toronto Working Group on Cholesterol Policy: Asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia: a clinical policy review. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 1029-1121

Link to Full Text of this review

Link to Structured Abstract of this review

Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review

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