Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Selected References

Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures in Women by Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Prepared by Denice S. Feig, MD, FRCPC, Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in October 1993

1. Riis BJ, Thomsen K, Strom V, et al: The effect of percutaneous estradiol and natural progesterone on postmenopausal bone loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 61-65

2. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Clark DM: The minimum effective dose of estrogen for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63(6): 759-763

3. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I: Bone mass in postmenopausal women after withdrawal of oestrogen/gestagen replacement therapy. Lancet 1981; 1(8218): 459-461

4. Nachtigall LE, Nachtigall RH, Nachtigall RD, et al: Estrogen replacement therapy I: a 10-year prospective study in the relationship to osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 277-281

5. Lindsay R: Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomised women. Lancet 1980; 2(8205): 1151-1154

6. Kreiger N, Kelsey JL, Holford TR, et al: An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 116(1): 141-148

7. Johnson RE, Specht EE: The risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal females with or without estrogen drug exposure. Am J Public Health 1981; 71(2): 138-144

8. Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Gerkins VR, et al: Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 28-31

9. Weiss NS, Ure CL, Ballard JH, et al: Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1195-1198

10. Hutchinson TA, Polansky SM, Feinstein AR: Post-menopausal oestrogens protect against fractures of hip and distal radius. A case-control study. Lancet 1979; 2(8145): 705-709

11. Naessen T, Persson I, Adami HO, et al: Hormone replacement therapy and the risk for first hip fracture. A prospective population-based cohort study. Am Intern Med 1990; 113: 95-103

12. Kiel DP, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, et al: Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. The Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1169-1174

13. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE: Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 319-324

14. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al: Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117(12): 1016-1037

15. Gambrell RD Jr, Massey FM, Castaneda TA, et al: Use of the progestogen challenge test to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 55(6): 732-738

16. Steinberg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ, et al: A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1991; 265(15): 1985-1990

17. Armstrong BK: Oestrogen therapy after the menopause-boon or bane? Med J Australia 1988; 148: 213-214

18. Dupont WD, Page DL: Menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 67-72

19. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, et al: Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 620-635

20. Bergvist L, Adami HO, Persson I: The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 293-297

21. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, et al: Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in Seventh-day Adventists. Cancer l989; 64: 591-597

22. Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al: Type of postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer: 12-year follow-up from the Nurses’ Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 433-439

23. Bergkvist L, Adami H-O, Persson I, et al: Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130: 221-228

24. Miller AB: Risk/benefit considerations of antiestrogen / estrogen therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Prev Med 1991; 20: 79-85

25. Persson I, Yuen J, Bergkvist L, et al: Combined oestrogen-progestogen replacement and breast cancer risk. [letter] Lancet 1992; 340(8826): 1044

26. Nachtigall MJ, Smilen SW, Nachtigall RD, et al: Incidence of breast cancer in a 22-year study of women receiving estrogen-progestin replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 827-830

27. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, et al: Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987; 75(6): 1102

28. Criqui M, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E, et al: Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined homogenous community. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128(3): 606-614

29. Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP: Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1038-1043

30. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 756-762

31. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK: Decreased Mortality in Users of Estrogen Replacement Therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 75-78

32. Wolf PH, Madans JH, Finucane FF, et al: Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: evidence from a national cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 489-494

33. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA: Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20: 47-63

34. Barrett-Connor E: Estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement: Therapy and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Med 1993; 95(Suppl 5A): 40S-43S

35. van Hemert AM, Vandenbroucke JP, Birkenhager JC, et al: Prediction of osteoporotic fractures in the general population by a fracture risk score. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132(1): 123-135

36. Kleerekoper M, Peterson E, Nelson D, et al: Identification of women at risk for developing postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures: role of history and single photon absorptiometry. Bone Miner 1989; 7: 171-186

37. Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Louvet JP, et al: Sensitivity of dual-photon absorptiometry in spinal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1988; 43: 329-334

38. Ott SM, Kilcoyne RF, Chesnut CH: III. Ability of four different techniques of measuring bone mass to diagnose vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1987; 2(3): 201-210

39. Wasnich RD, Ross PD, Heilbrun LK, et al: Prediction of postmenopausal fracture risk with use of bone mineral measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 745-751

40. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr: Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Int Med 1989; 111: 355-361

41. Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE: Predicting fractures in women by using forearm bone densitometry. Calcif Tiss Int 1989; 44: 235-242

42. Wasnich RD, Ross PD, Davis JW, et al: A comparison of single and multi-site BMC measurements for assessment of spine fracture possibility. J Nucl Med 1989; 30: 1166-1171

43. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al: Appendicular bone denisty and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA 1990; 263(5): 665-668

44. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: an assessment of the effectiveness of 169 interventions. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md, 1989: 239-243

45. Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993; 94: 646-650

46. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination: The periodic health examination: 2. 1987 update. Can Med Assoc J 1988; 138: 618-626

Link to Full Text of this review

Link to Structured Abstract of this review

Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review

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