Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Selected References

Prevention of Obesity in Adults

Prepared by James Douketis, MD, Clinical Research Fellow in Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University and William Feldman, MD, FRCPC, Professor of Pediatrics and of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Ontario

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in January 1994

1. Health and Welfare Canada: Canadian Guidelines for Healthy Weights. Ministry of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, October 1988

2. Levy AS, Heaton AW: Weight control practices of U.S. adults trying to lose weight. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 661-666

3. Reeder BA, Angel A, Ledoux M, et al: Obesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146: 2009-2019

4. Evers S: Economic and social factors associated with obesity in adult Canadians. Nutr Res 1987; 7: 3-13

5. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, et al: Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1983; 67: 968-977

6. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al: A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Eng J Med 1990; 322: 882-889

7. Rhoads GG, Kagan A: The relation of coronary disease, stroke and mortality to weight in youth and middle-age. Lancet 1983; 1: 492-495

8. Van Italie TB: Health implications of overweight and obesity in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 983-989

9. Stamler R, Stamler J, Reidlinger WF, et al: Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. JAMA 1978; 240: 1607-1610

10. Colditz GA, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, et al: Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 501-513

11. Hartz AJ, Rupley DC Jr, Kalkhoff RD, et al: Relationship of obesity to diabetes: influences of obesity level and body fat distribution. Prev Med 1983; 12: 351-357

12. Freedman DS, Jacobsen SJ, Barboriak JJ, et al: Body fat distribution and male/female differences in lipids and lipoproteins. Circulation 1990; 81: 1498-1506

13. Larsson B, Bjorntorp P, Tibblin G: The health consequences of moderate obesity. Int J Obes 1981; 5: 97-116

14. Kannel WB, Cupples LA, Ramaswami R, et al: Regional obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 183-190

15. Ducimetiere P, Richard J, Cambien F: The pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution on middle-age men and the risk of coronary heart disease: The Paris Prospective study. Int J Obes 1986; 10: 229-240

16. Larsson B, Svadsudd K, Welin L, et al: Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1984; 288: 1401-1404

17. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larson B, et al: Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenbutrg, Sweden. BMJ 1984; 289: 1257-1261

18. Ohlson LO, Larson B, Svardsudd K, et al: The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1985; 34: 1055-1058

19. Bray GA: Obesity: basic considerations and clinical approaches. Dis Mon 1989; 35: 449-537

20. Wilcosky T, Hyde J, Anderson JJ, et al: Obesity and mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 743-752

21. Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, et al: Mortality and coronary heart disease among men studied for 23 years. Arch Intern Med 1971; 128: 201-214

22. Stewart AW, Jackson RT, Ford MA, et al: Underestimation of relative weight by use of self-reported height and weight. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 122-126

23. Taylor CB, Fourtmann SP, Flora J, et al: Effect of long-term community health education on body mass index. The Stanford Five City Project. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134: 235-249

24. Jeffery RW: Minnesota studies on community-based approaches to weight loss and control. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 719-721

25. NIH Technology Assessment Conference Panel: Methods for voluntary weight loss and control. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 942-949

26. Wadden TA, Stunkard AJ, Brownell KD: Very low calorie diets: their efficacy, safety, and future. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 675-684

27. Holden J, Darga LL, Olson SM, et al: Long-term follow-up of patients attending a combination very-low calorie diet and behaviour therapy weight loss programme. Int J Obes 1992; 16: 605-613

28. Karvetti RL, Hakala P: A seven year follow up of a weight reduction programme in Finnish primary health care. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992; 46: 743-752

29. Guy-Grand B, Apfelbaum M, Crepaldi G, et al: International trial of long-term dexfenfluramine in obesity. Lancet 1989; 2: 1142-1145

30. Weintraub M: Long term weight control: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded multimodal intervention study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51: 581-646

31. Garrow J: Importance of obesity. BMJ 1991; 303: 704-706

32. Wing RR: Behavioural treatment of severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55(2 suppl): 545s-551s

33. Hakala P, Karvetti R-L, Ronnemaa T: Group vs. individual weight reduction programmes in the treatment of severe obesity - a five year follow-up study. Int J Obes 1993; 17: 97-102

34. Mason EE, et al: Impact of vertical banded gastroplasty on mortality from obesity. [abstract] Obes Surg 1991; 1: 115

35. Lindor KD, Hughes RW, Ilstrup DM, et al: Intragastric balloons in comparison with standard therapy for obesity - A randomised, double blind trial. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 992-996

36. Benjamin SB, Maher KA, Cattau EL Jr, et al: Double blind controlled trial of the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble: An adjunctive treatment for exogenous obesity. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 581-588

37. Sweeney ME, Hill Jo, Heller PA, et al: Severe vs moderate energy restriction with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity: efficiency of weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 127-134

38. Troisi RJ, Heinold JW, Vokonas PS, et al: Cigarette smoking, dietary intake, and physical activity: effects on body fat distribution - the Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1104-1111

39. Tuck ML, Sowers J, Dornfeld L, et al: The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels in obese patients. N Eng J Med 1981; 304: 930-933

40. Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, et al: Weight loss intervention in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 849-858

41. Wing RR, Marcus MD, Salata R, et al: Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on long-term glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1334-1440

42. Wolf RN, Gundy SM: Influence of weight reduction on plasma lipoproteins in obese patients. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3: 160-169

43. Wittels EH, Thompson S: Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1990; 23: 751-760

44. Borkan GA, Sparrow D, Wisniewski C, et al: Body weight and coronary disease risk: patterns of risk factor change associated with long-term weight change. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 410-419

45. Lean MEJ, Powrie JK, Anderson AS, et al: Obesity, weight loss and prognosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1990; 7: 228-233

46. Everhart JE: Contribution of obesity and weight loss to gallstone disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 1029-1035

47. Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Serdula MK, et al: Weight loss and subsequent death in a cohort of U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 744-748

48. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, French SA: Weight cycling and cardiovascular risk factors in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 641-644

Link to Full Text of this review

Link to Structured Abstract of this review

Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review

Link to 1999 update: Detection, prevention and treatment of obesity

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