2. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S: Noxious effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal health. J Periodont Res 1987; 22: 513-517
3. Bergstrom J, Eliasson S: Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone height in subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene. J Clin Periodontol 1987; 14: 466-469
4. Rivera-Hidalgo F: Smoking and periodontal disease. A review of the literature. J Periodontol 1986; 57: 617-624
5. Ismail AI, Burt BA, Eklund SA: Epidemiologic patterns of smoking and periodontal disease in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 1983; 106: 617-621
6. Ernster VL, Grady DG, Greene JC, et al: Smokeless tobacco use and health effects among baseball players. JAMA 1990; 264: 218-224
7. Robertson PB, Walsh M, Greene J, et al: Periodontal effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco. J Periodontol 1990; 61: 438-443
8. Loe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, et al: The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol 1978; 49: 607-620
9. Loe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, et al: Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate, and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 1986; 13: 431-445
10. Lang NP, Cumming BR, Loe H: Toothbrushing frequency as it relates to plaque development and gingival health. J Periodontal 1973; 44: 396-405
11. Suomi JD, Peterson JK, Matthews BL, et al: Effects of supervised daily plaque removal by children after 3 years. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol 1980; 8: 171-176
12. Lindhe J, Koch G: The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingivae of children. J Periodontol Res 1967; 2: 215-220
13. Axelsson P, Lindhe J, Nystrom B: On the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Results of a 15-year longitudinal study in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 182-189
14. Graves RC, Disney JA, Stamm JW: Comparative effectiveness of flossing and brushing in reducing interproximal bleeding. J Periodontol 1989; 60: 243-247
15. Rich SK, Friedman JA, Schultz LA: Effects of flossing on plaque and gingivitis in third grade schoolchildren. J Public Health Dent 1989; 49: 73-77
16. Wilcoxon DB, Ackerman RJ Jr, Killoy WJ, et al: The effectiveness of a counterrotational-action power toothbrush on plaque control in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentfacial Orthop 1991; 99: 7-14
17. Walsh M, Heckman B, Leggott P, et al: Comparison of manual and power toothbrushing, with and without adjunctive oral irrigation, for controlling plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1989; 16: 419-427
18. Baab DA, Johnson RH: The effect of a new electric toothbrush on supragingival plaque and gingivitis. J Periodontol 1989; 60: 336-341
19. Glavind L, Zeuner E: The effectiveness of a rotary electric toothbrush on oral cleanliness in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1986; 13: 135-138
20. Axelsson P, Lindhe J: Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1978; 5: 133-151
21. Axelsson P, Lindhe J: Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 6 years. J Clin Periodontol 1981; 8: 239-248
22. Suomi JD, Smith LW, Chang JJ, et al: Study of the effect of different prophylaxis frequencies on the periodontium of young adult males. J Periodontol 1973; 44: 406-410
23. Lightner LM, O'Leary JT, Drake RB, et al: Preventive periodontic treatment procedures: results over 46 months. J Periodontol 1971; 42: 555-561
24. Listgarten MA, Schifter CC, Laster L: 3-year longitudinal study of the periodontal status of an adult population with gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1985; 12: 225-238
25. McFall WT Jr: Supportive treatment. In: Nevins M, Becker W, Kornman K (eds): Proceedings of the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics, American Academy of Periodontology, Princeton, NJ, 1989: IX-14
26. Suomi JD, Greene JC, Vermillion JR, et al: The effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on the progression of periodontal disease in adults: results after third and final year. J Periodontol 1971; 42: 152-160
27. Grossman E, Meckel AH, Isaacs RL, et al: A clinical comparison of antibacterial mouthrinses: effects of chlorhexidine, phenolics, and sanguinarine on dental plaque and gingivitis. J Periodontol 1989; 60: 435-440
28. Banting D, Bosma M, Bollmer B: Clinical effectiveness of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse over two years. J Dent Res 1989; 68(Suppl): 1716-1718
29. Jolkovsky DL, Waki MY, Newman MG, et al: Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival and gingival marginal irrigation with chlorhexidine gluconate. J Periodontol 1990; 61: 663-669
30. Gordon JM, Lamster IB, Seiger MC: Efficacy of Listerine antiseptic in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1985; 12: 697-704
31. DePaola LG, Overholser CD, Meiller TF, et al: Chemotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis development. J Clin Periodontol 1989; 16: 311-315
32. Lobene RR: A study to compare the effects of two dentifrices on adult dental calculus formation. J Clin Dent 1989; 1: 67-69
33. Rugg-Gunn AJ: A double-blind clinical trial of an anticalculus toothpaste containing pyrophosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate. Br Dent J 1988; 165: 133-136
34. Beacham BE, Kurgansky D, Gould WM: Circumoral dermatitis and cheilitis caused by tartar control dentifrices. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 1029-1032
35. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: an Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md, 1989: 351-356
36. Ismail AI, Lewis DW with the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination: The periodic health examination, 1993 update: 3. Periodontal disease: classification, diagnosis, risk factors and prevention. Can Med Assoc J 1993; 149: 1409-1422
Link to Full Text of this review
Link to Structured Abstract of this review
Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review
Reprinted in modified format by the Canadian
Task Force on Preventive Health Care
with permission.
Original Copyright
© 1994 Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
For any technical issues please contact: webmaster@ctfphc.org
Last modified March 27, 1998.