Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

Selected References

Interventions to promote breastfeeding: Updated recommendations

Prepared  by V.A. Palda, MD, MSc, FRCPC, J-M. Guise, MD, MPH, and C.N. Wathen, MA, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care

These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in February 2003.

  1. Wang EEL. Breastfeeding. In: Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, editor. Canadian guide to clinical preventive health care. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1994. p. 232-42.

  2. Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, et al. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285(4):413-20.

  3. Bachrach VR, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Mar;157(3):237-43.

  4. Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S. Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 1995; 126(2):191-197.

  5. Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD, Taussig LM. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics 1993; 91(5):867-872.

  6. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breastfeeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45(4):520-527.

  7. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breastfeeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr 2001; 139(2):261-266.

  8. Jain A, Concat J, Leventhal JM. How good is the evidence linking breastfeeding and intelligence? Pediatrics 2002; 109(6):1044-1053.

  9. Drane DL, Logemann JA. A critical evaluation of the evidence on the association between type of infant feeding and cognitive development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2000; 14(4):349-356.

  10. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. Breastfeeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70(4):525-535.

  11. Petra Study Team. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1178-86.

  12. Ribas-Fito N, Sala M, Kogevinas M, Sunyer J. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and neurological development in children: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55(8):537-546.

  13. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet 2002; 360(9328):187-195.

  14. Bernier MO, Plu-Bureau, Bossard N, Ayzac L, Thalabard JC. Breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer: a metaanalysis of published studies. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6(4):374-386.

  15. Whittemore, AS, Harris, R, Itnyre, J. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group Am. J. Epidemiol. 1992 136: 1184-1203.

  16. Salazar-Martinez E, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Gonzalez Lira-Lira G, Escudero-De los Rios P, Salmeron-Castro J, Hernandez-Avila M. Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico. Cancer Res. 1999 Aug 1;59(15):3658-62.

  17. Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Lactation and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol. 1993 Apr;22(2):192-7.

  18. Health Canada. Toward a health future: second report on the health of Canadians. Ottawa: Health Canada; 1999. Cat no. H39-468/1999E.

  19. Statistics Canada. Breastfeeding practices. Health Indicators. May 2002; 2002(1). Catalogue number 82-221-XIE. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. URL: http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/00502/high/canada/cbreast.htm

  20. Barber CM, Abernathy T, Steinmetz B, Charlebois J. Using a breastfeeding prevalence survey to identify a population for targeted programs. Can J Public Health. 1997;88(4):242-5.

  21. World Health Organization. Evidence for the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Geneva: WHO. 1998. URL: http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/NUTRITION/WHO_CHD_98.9.pdf

  22. Dunlop M. Few Canadian hospitals qualify for "Baby Friendly" designation by promoting breastfeeding: survey. CMAJ 1995;152(1):87-9.

  23. UNICEF. Current status of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. March 2002. UNICEF. URL: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/assets/statusbfhi.pdf.

  24. Guise JM, Palda V, Westhoff C, Chan B, Helfand M, Lieu TA. The effectiveness of primary care-based interventions to promote breastfeeding: systematic evidence review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.  Ann Fam Med 2003;1:70-78.

  25. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al. Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3S).

  26. Duffy EP, Percival P, Kershaw E. Positive effects of an antenatal group teaching session on postnatal nipple pain, nipple trauma and breastfeeding rates. Midwifery 1997;13(4):189-96.

  27. Pugh LC, Milligan RA. Nursing intervention to increase the duration of breastfeeding. Appl Nurs Res 1998;11(4):190-4.

  28. Hill PD. Effects of education on breastfeeding success. Matern Child Nurs J 1987;16(2):145-56.

  29. Kistin N, Benton D, Rao S. Breastfeeding rates among black urban low income women: effect of prenatal education. Pediatrics 1990;86:741-6.

  30. Brent NB, Redd B, Dworetz A, D'Amico F, Greenberg JJ. Breastfeeding in a low-income population. Program to increase incidence and duration. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149(7):798-803.

  31. Sciacca JP, Dube DA, Phipps BL, Ratliff MI. A breastfeeding education and promotion program: effects on knowledge, attitudes, and support for breastfeeding. J Community Health 1995;20(6):473-90.

  32. Redman S, Watkins J, Evans L, Lloyd D. Evaluation of an Australian intervention to encourage breastfeeding in primiparous women. Health Promotion International 1995;10(2):101-13.

  33. McEnery G, Rao KP. The effectiveness of antenatal education of Pakistani and Indian women living in this country. Child: Care, Health & Development 1986;12(6):385-99.

  34. Rossiter JC. The effect of a culture-specific education program to promote breastfeeding among Vietnamese women in Sydney. Int J Nurs Stud 1994;31(4):369-79.

  35. Wiles LS. The effect of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding success and maternal perception of the infant. JOGN Nursing 1984;13(4):253-7.

  36. Reifsnider E, Eckhart D. Prenatal breastfeeding education: its effect on breastfeeding among WIC participants. Journal of Human Lactation 1997;13:121-5.

  37. Oakley A, Rajan L. Social support and pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:155-62.

  38. Frank DA, Wirtz SJ, Sorenson JR, Heeren T. Commercial discharge packs and breastfeeding counseling: effects on infant-feeding practices in a randomized trial. Pediatrics 1987;80(6):845-54.

  39. Serafino-Cross P, Donovan P. Effectiveness of professional breastfeeding home support. Society for Nutrition Education 1992;24(3):117-22.

  40. Jones D, West R. Lactation nurse increases duration of breastfeeding. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:772-74.

  41. Curro V, Lanni R, Scipione F, Grimaldi V, Mastroiacovo P. Randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of a booklet on the duration of breastfeeding. Arch Dis Child 1997;76(6):500-3

  42. Kaplowitz DD, Olson CM. The effect of an educational program on the decision to breastfeed. Journal of Nutrition Education 1983;15:61-65.

  43. Loh NR, Kelleher CC, Long S, Loftus BG. Can we increase breastfeeding rates? Ir Med J 1997;90(3):100-1.

  44. Grossman LK, Harter C, Sachs L, Kay A. The effect of postpartum lactation counseling on the duration of breastfeeding in low-income women. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1990;144(4):471-4.

  45. Caulfield LE, Gross SM, Bentley ME, Bronner Y, Kessler L, Jensen J, et al. WIC-based interventions to promote breastfeeding among African-American Women in Baltimore: effects on breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Journal of Human Lactation 1998;14(1):15-22.

  46. Schafer E, Vogel M, Viegas S, Hausafus C. Volunteer peer counselors increase breastfeeding duration among rural low income women. Birth 1998;25:101-6.

  47. Kistin N, Abramson R, Dublin P. Effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration among low-income urban women. Journal of Human Lactation 1994;10(1):11-5.

  48. McInnes R, Love J, Stone D. Evaluation of a community-based intervention to increase breastfeeding prevalence. Journal of Human Lactation 2000;22:138-45.

  49. Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Gallop R, Chalmers B. The effect of peer support on breastfeeding duration among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2002;166(1):21-8.

  50. Winikoff B, Myers D, Laukaran VH, Stone R. Overcoming obstacles to breastfeeding in a large municipal hospital: applications of lessons learned. Pediatrics 1987;80(3):423-33.

  51. deChateau P, Winberg J. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum: II, a follow-up at 3 months. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia 1977;66:145-51.

  52. Salariya E, Easton P, Cater J. Duration of breastfeeding after early initiation and frequent feeding. Lancet 1978;2:1141-43.

  53. Thomson M, Hartsock T, LArson C. The importance of immediate postnatal contact: its effect on breastfeeding. Can Fam Physician 1979;25:1374-78.

  54. Taylor P, Maloni J, Taylor F. Extra early mother-infant contact and duration of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia Suppl 1985;316:15-22.

  55. Donnelly A, Snowden H, Renfrew M, Woolridge M. Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001;3.

  56. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.  Behavioral interventions to promote breast-feeding: recommendations and rationale. Ann Fam Med 2003;1:79-80.

  57. Canadian Paediatric Society, Dieticians of Canada, Health Canada. Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants. Statement of the Joint Working Group: Canadian Paediatric Society, Dieticians of Canada, Health Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1998. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/childhood-youth/cyfh/pdf/infant-e.pdf.

  58. Canadian Paediatric Society and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Early discharge and length of stay for term birth. A Joint Policy Statement by the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Policy Statement No. 56, SOGC: October 1996. URL: http://www.sogc.org/sogcnet/sogc%5Fdocs/common/guide/pdfs/ps56.pdf.

  59. Rourke, L., Rourke J., Leduc, D. Rourke Baby Record: Evidence Based Infant/Child Health Maintenance Guide. College of Family Physicians of Canada. Download from URL: http://www.cfpc.ca/programs/rourkebaby/rourkebaby.asp.

  60. World Health Organization. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: Report of an expert consultation. Geneva: WHO. 2001. URL: http://www.who.int/nut/documents/optimal_duration_of_exc_bfeeding_report_eng.pdf.

  61. World Health Organization/UNICEF. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding: the special role of maternity services. Joint WHO/UNICEF Statement. Geneva, 1989.

  62. American Academy of Family Physicians. Policy Statement on Breastfeeding. Available Online: http://www.aafp.org/x6633.xml.

  63. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding. Pediatrics 1997;100(6):1035-9. URL: http://www.aap.org/policy/re9729.html.

  64. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Breastfeeding: maternal and infant aspects: ACOG Educational Bulletin. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Aug;74(2):217-32.

Link to Published Commentary and Recommendations

Link to Full Technical Report (in pdf)

Link to Summary Table of Recommendations of this review

Link to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations

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